India and Africa: A Partnership Beyond Geopolitics
India and Africa have a historic and umbilical relationship. It makes for a good talking point during speeches, but it will need an objective assessment of the extent and depth of our engagement to withstand. . .
India and Africa have a historic and umbilical relationship. It makes for a good talking point during speeches, but it will need an objective assessment of the extent and depth of our engagement to withstand scrutiny and help devise better policy choices. It is also a fact that India has consistently, even if occasionally in an ad hoc manner, engaged with African countries. It emerged as a strong voice for their emancipation from the colonial yoke and, from then on, through the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), has stood for and advocated the core concerns of African countries, especially the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), in international forums, be it GATT/WTO, the UN/CHOGM, or climate change negotiations. India has also advocated these concerns in the context of a reformed UN Security Council (UNSC). During its G20 presidency in 2023, India ensured that the African Union (AU) became a permanent member of the G20. This has been widely appreciated and has earned India an immeasurable affection quotient across Africa. Besides, through its extensive capacity-building assistance and its “Share and Care” approach, India has helped the continent considerably in creating skilled manpower, modern institutions, and infrastructure, both in the fields of education and defence. Indian teachers and professors were widely respected, especially by those who studied during the 1960s to the 1980s. Unfortunately, this very effective mode of engagement has dried up and needs to be revived. Several African leaders fondly recall their Indian teachers even after 40–50 years. Dozens of military officers trained in India went on to become heads of government and heads of state in their countries. Thousands of Africans have been trained under the fully funded ITEC programme and have risen to responsible positions. Another important capacity-building effort is the training of about 80 women every year to work on solar panels. They are fondly called “Solar Mamas” because, upon their return, they electrify their communities and at least 50 households each. Technological competency initiatives in sunrise sectors, through Centres of Excellence and bilateral, regional, sub-regional, and trilateral formats with like-minded countries such as France, Japan, and the UAE, have now been mooted across the economic spectrum. One of the most important connectivity and capacity-building programmes launched by India, pursuant to the vision of former President APJ Abdul Kalam, was the Pan-Africa e-Network initiative. It focused on telemedicine, tele-education, and e-governance, as well as connectivity among heads of state across 48 countries. It involved five leading Indian universities offering courses and 12 super-speciality hospitals providing consultations and medical education, and was fully funded by the Indian government under NEPAD. The programme has since been upgraded and expanded under the Modi government under the rubric of e-Vidya Bharti and e-Arogya Bharti. Reportedly, more than 7,000 students completed their studies through the programme. Related storyUS Seeks Closer Ties with AfricaSince the 1950s, India has been encouraging African students through scholarships for higher education, training, and capacity building in Indian institutions. According to estimates, there are currently more than 55,000 students from various African countries in India. India also has a long history of cooperation in defence capacity building in various African countries and of participating in UN peacekeeping operations, beginning in 1960 in the Congo. India’s role has been broadly appreciated, especially for its contribution to preventing genocide in South Sudan. Similarly, Indian women police personnel did a remarkable job in Liberia, which was rather unique, and President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was full of praise for them. Currently, India trains a large number of Africans not only in its defence institutions but also in peacekeeping operations and military manoeuvres, in addition to conducting training in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations. India has established National Defence Colleges in several countries, including Nigeria. It would also be useful to align our engagement with the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), devised by the then Organisation of African Unity (OAU), to address African problems such as genocide and ethnic cleansing. India has also been very active in anti-piracy operations along the east coast of Africa, especially around Somalia and the Gulf of Aden, extending to the Mozambique Channel, to ensure freedom of trade and communication. The Indian Navy has successfully escorted around 2,500 vessels. Like the US AFRICOM, New Delhi also needs to take a strategic look at the Gulf of Guinea and other maritime domain-awareness initiatives. In the wake of the US-Iran and Israel war and the closure and blockade of strategic chokepoints, it has become imperative for New Delhi to reorient its energy-security efforts in a mutually beneficial manner towards the African continent and to secure sea lines of communication through collaboration and capacity building. The diaspora helps a great deal in building bridges at the people-to-people level and, in turn, contributes to the growth of bilateral relations, especially in the economic field, as well as through the leadership positions acquired by members of the diaspora as a result of their exposure and experience in particular countries. India has around three million people of Indian origin across the African continent, many of whom have been highly successful. The Indian community has begun to integrate with the socio-economic needs of local communities by providing various services, including education, medical treatment, job creation, and employment. No wonder the former President of Nigeria stated more than once that “the Indian industrialists are the second-biggest employment providers after the federal government in Nigeria. ” The time is ripe to also institutionalise engagement with the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Prime Minister Narendra Modi, while speaking at Parliament in Kampala in July 2018, outlined his Africa vision through ten guiding principles. These include: Africa is among India’s top priorities, and the momentum of cooperation will be sustained through regular exchanges; development partnerships will be based on African priorities; preferential access will be provided to Indian markets for African products; India will assist in harnessing the digital revolution in Africa; India and Africa will work to improve Africa’s agricultural potential; the two sides will fight climate change together; they will work together to keep oceans and maritime lanes free for all; Africa, instead of becoming a theatre of competition, should become a nursery for its youth; and India and Africa should aspire and work together for a just, representative, and democratic global order. These are ideal, achievable, and collaborative policies that dictate a paradigm shift compared with other major powers seeking to enter the “gold rush” for exploitation through neo-colonialist approaches. India–Africa relations have developed into a multifaceted partnership encompassing political engagement, trade and investment, development cooperation, capacity building, healthcare, education, digital connectivity, ICT, AI, defence cooperation, space, critical minerals, food and energy security, renewables, and multilateral collaboration. The 4th India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) was postponed due to the Ebola crisis and needs to be held at the earliest to focus on current issues, challenges, and solutions. India-Africa engagement will be decisive in the emerging world order, as the combined synergies of natural and human resources and capital, together with human-centric approaches, can be aligned for the global good by bringing together Agenda 2063 and Viksit Bharat 2047. The partnership focuses on innovation, resilience, and inclusive transformation for sustainable development. The author is former Ambassador of India to Jordan, Libya, and Malta.